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Vitamin C - Wikipedia. Vitamin CClinical data. AHFS/Drugs. com. Monograph. Medline. Plusa. 68. Pregnancycategory.
Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain. It is also used for pain due to myocardial infarction and for labor pains.
Vitamin C's effect on the common cold has been extensively researched. It has not been shown effective in prevention or treatment of the common cold, except in. Propane is used in a number of applications, the most common being a heating fuel. While the Houston heating season is limited, our location, size and industrial. Shop for RadioShack Video RF Modulator - Channel 3 or 4 Output at Best Buy. Find low everyday prices and buy online for delivery or in-store pick-up. Here is a possible timeline for the emergence of a true space age over the next 20 years. In 20, we see Spacex complete the development of the Raptor. The aim of this updated statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based recommendations on the prevention of stroke among individuals who have not. The English version offers selected articles from.
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A (to RDA), C (above RDA)Routes ofadministrationby mouth, IM, IV, sub. QATC code. Legal status. Legal status. AU: Unscheduled. US: OTCgeneral public availability. Pharmacokinetic data. Bioavailabilityrapid & complete. Protein bindingnegligible.
Biological half- lifevaries according to plasma concentration. Excretionkidney. Identifiers. L- threo- hexono- 1,4- lactone- 2,3- enediolor(R)- 3,4- dihydroxy- 5- ((S)- 1,2- dihydroxyethyl)furan- 2(5. H)- one. Synonyms.
L- ascorbic acid, ascorbic acid, ascorbate. CAS Number. Pub. Chem. CIDIUPHAR/BPSDrug.
Bank. Chem. Spider. UNIIKEGGCh. EBICh. EMBLNIAID Chem. DBE number.
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E3. 00 (antioxidants, ..)ECHA Info. Card. 10. 0. 0. 00. Chemical and physical data. Formula. C6. H8. O6.
Molar mass. 17. 6. D model (Jmol)Density.
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Melting point. 19. As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent scurvy. One found a weak association between vitamin C consumption and reduced risk, and the other found no effect of supplementation. The researchers noted that the effect of vitamin C supplementation appeared to be dependent on health status, with stronger effects in those at higher cardiovascular disease risk. However, no significant effects were found from the research.
It has not been shown effective in prevention or treatment of the common cold, except in limited circumstances (specifically, individuals exercising vigorously in cold environments). However, taking vitamin C in the form of sodium ascorbate and calcium ascorbate may minimize this effect.
In one trial in 1. With the higher doses, toxic manifestations were observed in five adults and four infants. The signs and symptoms in adults were nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flushing of the face, headache, fatigue and disturbed sleep.
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The main toxic reactions in the infants were skin rashes. A genetic condition that results in inadequate levels of the enzyme glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6. PD) can cause sufferers to develop hemolytic anemia after ingesting specific oxidizing substances, such as very large dosages of vitamin C. By blocking this function of the corpus luteum, high doses of vitamin C (1. In a group of spontaneously aborting women at the end of the first trimester, the mean values of vitamin C were significantly higher in the aborting group. However, the authors do state: 'This could not be interpreted as an evidence of causal association.'. Although the results in humans were not statistically significant, this study is often cited as evidence that high doses of Vitamin C have an adverse effect on exercise performance.
In rats, it was shown that the additional Vitamin C resulted in lowered mitochondria production. It exhibits remarkably low toxicity.
The LD5. 0 (the dose that will kill 5. The mechanism of death from such doses (1. However, as with all substances tested in this way, the rat LD5. The amount was chosen because human trials had reported diarrhea and other gastrointestinal disturbances at intakes of greater than 3,0.
This was the Lowest- Observed- Adverse- Effect Level (LOAEL), meaning that other adverse effects were observed at higher intakes. Vitamin C describes several vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals, including ascorbic acid and its salts, and some oxidized forms of the molecule like dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body when either of these is introduced into cells, since the forms interconvert according to p. H. Vitamin C is a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions, including several collagen synthesis reactions that, when dysfunctional, cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy. Ascorbate also acts as an antioxidant, protecting against oxidative stress. The one- and two- electron oxidized forms of vitamin C, semidehydroascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid, respectively, can be reduced in the body by glutathione and NADPH- dependent enzymatic mechanisms. Vitamin C acts as an electron donor for important enzymes.
It is made internally by almost all organisms; the main exceptions are most bats, all guinea pigs, capybaras, and the Haplorrhini (one of the two major primate suborders, consisting of tarsiers, monkeys, and humans and other apes). Ascorbate is also not made by many species of birds and fish. All species that do not make ascorbate require it in the diet.
Deficiency. The spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person with the ailment looks pale, feels depressed, and is partially immobilized. In advanced scurvy there are open, suppurating wounds and loss of teeth and, eventually, death. The human body can store only a certain amount of vitamin C. The time frame for onset of symptoms of scurvy in unstressed adults on a completely vitamin C free diet, however, may range from one month to more than six months, depending on previous loading of vitamin C. Western societies generally consume far more than sufficient vitamin C to prevent scurvy. In 2. 00. 4, a Canadian Community health survey reported that Canadians of 1. C from food of 1.
These studies both found that all obvious symptoms of scurvy previously induced by an experimental scorbutic diet with extremely low vitamin C content could be completely reversed by additional vitamin C supplementation of only 1. In these experiments, there was no clinical difference noted between men given 7. C per day (which produced blood level of vitamin C of about 0.
Men in the prison study developed the first signs of scurvy about 4 weeks after starting the vitamin C- free diet, whereas in the British study, six to eight months were required, possibly due to the pre- loading of this group with a 7. In plants, this is accomplished through the conversion of mannose or galactose to ascorbic acid. This group includes humans. The other more primitive primates (Strepsirrhini) have the ability to make vitamin C. Synthesis does not occur in a number of species (perhaps all species) in the small rodent family Caviidae that includes guinea pigs and capybaras, but occurs in other rodents (rats and mice do not need vitamin C in their diet, for example).
A number of species of passerine birds also do not synthesize, but not all of them, and those that do not are not clearly related; there is a theory that the ability was lost separately a number of times in birds. A trace of gulonolactone oxidase (GULO) was detected in only 1 of 3.
The genomes of these species contain GULO as pseudogenes, which serve as insight into the evolutionary past of the species. It is countered by arguments that humans are very good at conserving dietary vitamin C, and are able to maintain blood levels of vitamin C comparable with simians, on a far smaller dietary intake. Ascorbate is a powerful reducing agent capable of rapidly scavenging a number of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Freshwater teleost fishes also require dietary vitamin C in their diet or they will get scurvy. The most widely recognized symptoms of vitamin C deficiency in fishes are scoliosis, lordosis and dark skin coloration. Freshwater salmonids also show impaired collagen formation, internal/fin hemorrhage, spinal curvature and increased mortality. If these fishes are housed in seawater with algae and phytoplankton, then vitamin supplementation seems to be less important, it is presumed because of the availability of other, more ancient, antioxidants in natural marine environment.
Uric acid and ascorbate are both strong reducing agents. This has led to the suggestion that, in higher primates, uric acid has taken over some of the functions of ascorbate.
Sodium- Dependent Active Transport. SVCT1 and SVCT2 import the reduced form of ascorbate across plasma membrane. However, the degree of absorption decreases as intake increases. At high intake (1.
At high dietary doses (corresponding to several hundred mg/day in humans) ascorbate is accumulated in the body until the plasma levels reach the renal resorption threshold, which is about 1. L in men and 1. 3 mg/d. L in women. Concentrations in the plasma larger than this value (thought to represent body saturation) are rapidly excreted in the urine with a half- life of about 3. Concentrations less than this threshold amount are actively retained by the kidneys, and the excretion half- life for the remainder of the vitamin C store in the body thus increases greatly, with the half- life lengthening as the body stores are depleted. This half- life rises until it is as long as 8.
Biological tissues that accumulate over 1. C are the adrenal glands, pituitary, thymus, corpus luteum, and retina. Ascorbate that is not directly excreted in the urine as a result of body saturation or destroyed in other body metabolism is oxidized by this enzyme and removed. Enzymatic cofactor. These functions include the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters; the synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine; and the metabolism of microsome.
It is not certain how vitamin C interacts with the immune system; it has been hypothesized to modulate the activities of phagocytes, the production of cytokines and lymphocytes, and the number of cell adhesion molecules in monocytes. In addition, it has a number of other roles in cell division and protein modification.
Plants appear to be able to make ascorbate by at least one other biochemical route that is different from the major route in animals, although precise details remain unknown. For vitamin C labeling purposes 1. Daily Value was 6.
May 2. 01. 6 it has been revised to 9. A table of the pre- change adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake. Food and supplement companies have until July 2. Testing for levels. However these reflect recent dietary intake rather than the level of vitamin C in body stores.
It has been observed that while serum or blood plasma levels follow the circadian rhythm or short term dietary changes, those within tissues themselves are more stable and give a better view of the availability of ascorbate within the organism.